How to Use the Perl Array Push() Function

The Perl  push()  function is used to push a value or values onto the end of an array, which increases the number of elements. The new  values  then become the  last elements  in the array. It returns the new total number of elements in the array. Its easy to confuse this function with  the  unshift()  function, which adds elements to the  beginning  of an array. Heres an  example of the Perl push() function: myNames (Larry, Curly);push myNames, Moe;print myNames\n; When this code is executed, it delivers: Larry Curly Moe Picture a row of numbered boxes, going from left to right. The push() function pushes the new value or values onto the right side of the array  and increases the elements.   The array can also be thought of as a stack. Picture a stack of numbered boxes, starting with 0 at the top and increasing as it goes down. The push() function pushes the value onto the bottom of the stack  and increases the elements, like this: myNames (Larry,Curly);push myNames, Moe; You can also push multiple values onto the array directly ... myNames (Larry, Curly);push myNames, (Moe, Shemp); ... or by pushing on an array: myNames (Larry, Curly);moreNames (Moe, Shemp);push (myNames, moreNames); Note for beginning programmers:  Perl arrays begin with an symbol. Each complete line of code must end with a semicolon. If it doesnt, it wont execute. In the stacked example in this article, the lines without a semicolon are values contained in an array and enclosed in parentheses. This isnt an exception to the semicolon rule, as much as a result of the stack approach. The values in the array are not individual lines of code. It is easier to picture this in the horizontal approach to coding. Other Functions for Manipulating Arrays Other functions are also used to manipulate arrays. These make it easy and efficient to use a Perl array as a stack or as a queue. In addition to the push function, you can use: Pop function – removes and returns the last element of an arrayShift function – moves the whole array to the left. The element that is the first element of the array falls off the array and becomes the return value of the functionUnshift function – the opposite of the shift function, places a value at the beginning of an array and moves all the other element to the right.

Hurricane Devastation Of Hurricane Katrina - 1807 Words

Hurricane Katrina was one of the deadliest hurricanes in United States history. Hurricane Katrina was by far the most destructive storm to strike the United States with the actual cost of Hurricane Katrina’s damage between $96-125 billion. An estimated 1,836 people died and millions of others were left homeless along the gulf coast and in New Orleans. With homes virtually destroyed, thousands of people abandoned the area which in turn caused thousands of jobs to disappear. New Orleans lost 190,000 jobs, while the state of Louisiana lost 219,000 jobs and overall 12 percent statewide. More than 70 countries contributed large donations in the relief phase showing overall support and generosity. Katrina started over the Bahamas on Aug 23, 2005†¦show more content†¦Katrina exposed the nation’s poor emergency management system and its ability to respond to a deadly disaster such as Hurricane Katrina. The hotel and motel revenues were affected and have not fully recovered, especially since tourism has declined since the storm and tourism provided thousands of jobs as well as millions of dollars in tax income. As a response to Hurricane Katrina, the Mayor of New Orleans declared a voluntary evacuation of the city. This evacuation became mandatory the next day. Many people did not have the ability to leave the city, so the Superdome became an option for victims to go to receive shelter from the storm. FEMA mobilized 1,000 Homeland Security workers to provide assistance to the city. On August 29, 2005 President Bush signed a $10.4 billion aid package and ordered 7,200 National Guard troops to the region. Then an additional $51.8 billion was approved for aid for the disaster. FEMAs National US and R task forces, the United States Coast Guard, National Guard troops, active duty and state and local first responders performed search and rescue missions, and rescued an estimated 50,000 victims. NDMS deployed over 80 teams to support response efforts. Medical Needs Assessment teams from FEMA regions were sent to assess medical needs. Over 50 disaster medical assistance teams were deployed; three National Medical Response teams, five veterinary medical assistance teams and threeShow MoreRelatedHurricane Devastation Of Hurricane Katrina1798 Words   |  8 Pagesdictate an outcome in any given situation, which holds no difference in the the results of Hurricane Katrina, the response betwee n organizations that contributed to one of the greatest natural devastations to occur in the United States, outcome of recovery efforts and obstacles if any, lessons learned, and recommendations and/or improvements to be made to prevent such a disaster from occurring again. Hurricane Katrina was a storm that took us by surprise, impacting Mississippi and Louisiana where damagesRead MoreHurricane Devastation Of Hurricane Katrina762 Words   |  4 PagesHurricane Katrina Scandal Without doubt, Hurricane Katrina has been the major catastrophe of the century suffered in the United States. The category 5 hurricane which at first was on course to hit Florida drifted into the Gulf of Mexico taking a direct route to New Orleans. On his way, the hurricane left hundreds of dead, affected hundreds of thousands and left billions of dollars in damage. The largest number of deaths occurred in New Orleans where the hurricane hit the hardest and which was floodedRead MoreHurricane Devastation Of Hurricane Katrina2083 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Hurricane Katrina is known for being the most dangerous and murderous hurricane that occurred on August of 2005. It was formed by a tropical wave that moved from the coast of Africa to the Gulf Coast. According to hurricanes they are distinguished by five different categories, the fifth being the strongest. The tropical wave turned into a hurricane under the fifth category that destroyed thousands of homes and killed thousands of people. Hurricane Katrina destroyed New Orleans hardestRead MoreThe Devastation Of The Hurricane Katrina1837 Words   |  8 PagesStates of America, Hurricane Katrina was known as one of the worst hurricanes in the world. The hurricane was a combination of tropical waters and gushing winds. It was the vicious hurricane that caused severe damage to the citizens of the United States of America. The amazing city known for its southern style, Cajun cuisines, jazz music and its celebration of Mardi Gras will never be the same. New Orleans, Louisiana was changed forever in August 2005 when this category five hurricane left the city devastatedRead MoreHurricane Devastation Of Hurricane Katrina1355 Words   |  6 PagesHurricane Katrina Natural disaster often happens anywhere in the world, However we may have time to evacuate if we get warnings such as earthquakes, tsunami etc. Hurricanes happen without having time to let people evacuate. This report will provide information about the hurricane Katrina that took place in August 28 2005. This report will provide information from different source that is provided online and in the library which will show information before the storm and flooding, during the stormRead MoreHurricane Devastation Of Hurricane Katrina1928 Words   |  8 PagesHurricane Katrina A study has shown throughout the years the effects of hurricane Katrina can still be seen. The death toll of this hurricane alone was devastating and left many people homeless, more than 800,000 housing units were destroyed or damaged in the storm. As stated, â€Å"Katrina is the costliest U.S hurricane, with estimated damage over $81 billion.† http://www.hurricanescience.org/history/studies/katrinacase/impacts/. After the effects of this catastrophic storm, the red-cross had an enormousRead MoreHurricane Devastation Of Hurricane Katrina Essay2191 Words   |  9 Pageschange forever. A vicious storm called Hurricane Katrina was about to sweep through the Gulf Coast. Not only was this storm big, but it was the 5th greatest hurricane in the history of the United States, and took millions of people by surprise. This storm ruined people’s homes, and lives in less than 24 hours, and nothing would ever be the same again. It seemed like any normal day for people all over the Gulf Coast, until they get the news of a soon coming hurricane that is ranked at a category 3, butRead MoreEssay on The Cause of the Devastation of Hurricane Katrina927 Words   |  4 Pageshistorical event of Hurricane Katrina, a category three hurricane with winds ranging from 111-130 mph, in August 2005 revealed major structural failures in the levee systems of New Orleans. Though not all structural failures are as catastrophic, the breeched levees led to loss of life, homes, businesses, highways, and left a trail of destruction that is still being repaired today. The result of this failure led to lawsuits, conspiracy theories, and court cases. Hurricane Katrina had a major effectRead MoreEmergency Planning And Response Plan1190 Words   |  5 Pagesdevastating disasters which have been witnessed and catalogued; with concentration on hydrologic incidents, of which the most notorious being the tropical hurricane. Although through the recorded history there have been a multitude of severe impacts and landfalls of tropical hurricanes, in recent times the most memorable is Hurricane Katrina. This storm devastated the greater New Orleans area and the outlining communities surrounding the area, and emphasized the problematic areas of their emergencyRead MoreTaking a Look at Hurricane Katrina615 Words   |  3 PagesHurricane Katrina will always be remembered for the devastation it caused, my close friends, the Adams family knows this better than anyone else. My family has been close friends with the Adams for nearly my whole life, the thing that stood out about them the most was their passion to help others and their obsession for the New Orleans Saints. The Adams have numerous relatives who live in Louisiana, including their parents on the father’s side. The parents live just twenty minutes south of New Orleans

Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity

Question: Discuss about the Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity. Answer: Introduction: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are two of most common chronic disorders, affecting the wide range of individuals throughout the world. The last decade experienced the exponential increase of number of people suffering from obesity along with its associated disorder type 2 disorder (Qin et al. 2012). Many studies highlighted that the sedentary lifestyle and increased consumption of high fat food are leading cause of these two chronic disorders. On the other hand, the role of gut microorganisms in keeping the intestine healthy is also known to everyone. Interestingly, these gut microbiota has co-evolved with the evolution of human species to support the evolving physiology and metabolism. The efficiency of metabolism depends upon the efficiency of these gut microbiota. It has been revealed that there are more bacteria in gut (1014) compared to total microorganisms in body (1013). There are approximately 2000 bacterial phylotypes in human intestine, the GIT metabolic activity is equivalent to the liver (Diamant et al. 2011). The gut microorganisms play a significant role in metabolism as well as immune functionality. The germ free mice, which are born into sterile environment has been seen to develop poor immunity, poor weight gain, have abnormal intestinal morphology and became susceptible to food borne disease. From the experiment, the role of gut microbiota in host metabolism, influence in GI tract development and blocking pathogens entrance has been revealed. However, most of the organisms habitat is the large intestine; 70 % of them are unculturable. For studying this wide population of microbes in culture-independent manner, the 16s rRNA of these microorganisms has been targeted in the flurescent in situ hybridization method (Kootte et al. 201 2). The sequencing technique helped in detecting the 16s rDNA regions of these bacteria. Therefore, to maintain a healthy weight, it is crucial to take care of microbial selves. Recent studies have demonstrated that gut microbes contribute to the energy harvest, storage and spending. The process remains most favourable if the amount of energy extracted from the diet is equivalent to the amount that is used in equilibrium maintenance. All the animals have developed smart strategies to protect the energy reservoirs. The obesity and type 2 diabetes are characterized as the low-grade inflammation and alterations in intestinal permeability, which is known as leaky gut (Tremaroli and Bckhed 2012). In case of obesity, inflammation is a significant component. As discussed previously that human intestine include 500 to 1000 microbial species, there are three dominant bacterial phyla, i.e. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. In recent studies with the germ-free mice has shown that germ-free mice, when fed with a high-fat diet failed to gain weight, however, the energy harvesting and adiposity, both increased while restoring the gut microbiota in the mice. In the 16s rDNA analysis of ob/ob (obese mutant) mice showed high number of Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes. The analysis also shown that the obese gut microbiota was enriched for metabolic genes, whereas the analysis showed reduced number of Bacteriodetes in obese person. Bacteriods can utilize plant polysaccharides as a source of energy (Wu et al. 2011). On the other hand, it has also been shown that diversity in diet promotes the high microbial diversity, which protects gut from the colonization of harmful pathogens. The pool of gut microbes may be different in individuals. Damag e to the microbial diversity at gut promotes adiposity. The changes in microbiota diversity is promoted by the antibiotic treatment or poor diet. In lean people, the diversity of gut microbes has been reported to be higher, whereas in obese people, Firmicures are higher in amount, with less diversity (Blaser 2014). Antibiotic administration has shown to reduce the diversity of gut microbiota, which can recover to its normal level after 1-4 weeks, antibiotic administration shown to reduce barrier function. Antibiotic administration promotes weight gain in mice, which is linked with the reduction of gut microbe pool. In a longitudinal study the results showed a significant association between antibiotic exposure at less than 6 months of age and weight gain at 3 years (Moreno-Indias et al. 2015). Akkermansia muciniphila is an inhabitant of mucus layer of human intestinal lining, which tends to be less abundant in obese people. Everard et al. (2013) reported that this microorganism has a significant role in reducing inflammation, showing its potential of protecting against obesity and Type 2 diabetes development. Researches found that gut bacteria is a market of type 2 diabetes. Gut bacteria interacts with the host through LPS, short chain fatty acids and bile acids. The reduction of gut bacteria pool leads to reduced gut barrier function, which in turn leads to the leakage of LPS into the blood stream, thereby influencing systematic inflammation and adipogenesis. Bacterial endotoxin has an important role in metabolic inflammation. Due to enhanced permeability of intestine or leaky gut, the gut-derived metabolic endotoxaemia can also occur, which increases the risk of obesity associated-diseases (Everard and Cani 2013). This condition can also take place, if increased concentration of bacterial toxin LPS enter the blood due to leaky gut, triggering inflammation. Research found that individuals consuming high-fat foods have increased level of LPS in blood and altered composition of gut microbiota. One study showed role of hunger stimulating hormone ghrelin, which is triggered by Helicobacter p ylori. Studies reported that elimination of H. pylori leads to increased appetite and weight gain, showing the role of H. pylori in protecting against weight gain and obesity. In colon some bacteria produces short chain fatty acids like butyrate, propionate and acetate through fermentation. Butyrate plays a key role in supporting intestinal lining integrity, increasing fluid and electrolyte uptake, promoting blood flow, serving as energy source for colon epithelial cells, exerting immune-metabolic effects, acting as energy source as well as signalling molecule (Everard and Cani 2013). Obesity and type 2 diabetes are the results of multiple factors, including high energy food consumption, age, less physical activity and genetic factors. Researchers have revealed several important facts regarding the role of gut microbiota in the development of these metabolic disorders, but controversies exists regarding the degree of contribution of gut microbiota in development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The complexity of microbiota and its interaction with the host are making is challenging to reveal the most appropriate findings. However, manipulating the gut microbes by prebiotics, probiotics, changes in diet or radical methods of fecal microbial transplant have shown significant success in obesity management, revealing the link to the role of gut microbiota in obesity and associated diseases like type 2 diabetes. Reference List Blaser, M., 2014.Missing microbes. Oneworld Publications. Diamant, M., Blaak, E.E. and De Vos, W.M., 2011. Do nutrientgutmicrobiota interactions play a role in human obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes?.Obesity Reviews,12(4), pp.272-281. Everard, A. and Cani, P.D., 2013. Diabetes, obesity and gut microbiota.Best practice research Clinical gastroenterology,27(1), pp.73-83. Everard, A., Belzer, C., Geurts, L., Ouwerkerk, J.P., Druart, C., Bindels, L.B., Guiot, Y., Derrien, M., Muccioli, G.G., Delzenne, N.M. and De Vos, W.M., 2013. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(22), pp.9066-9071. Kootte, R.S., Vrieze, A., Holleman, F., Dallinga?Thie, G.M., Zoetendal, E.G., de Vos, W.M., Groen, A.K., Hoekstra, J.B., Stroes, E.S. and Nieuwdorp, M., 2012. The therapeutic potential of manipulating gut microbiota in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism,14(2), pp.112-120. Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F.J. and Queipo-Ortuo, M.I., 2015. Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Recent Disc. Evol. Genomic Microbiol., p.57. Qin, J., Li, Y., Cai, Z., Li, S., Zhu, J., Zhang, F., Liang, S., Zhang, W., Guan, Y., Shen, D. and Peng, Y., 2012. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes.Nature,490(7418), pp.55-60. Tremaroli, V. and Bckhed, F., 2012. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism.Nature,489(7415), pp.242-249. Wu, G.D., Chen, J., Hoffmann, C., Bittinger, K., Chen, Y.Y., Keilbaugh, S.A., Bewtra, M., Knights, D., Walters, W.A., Knight, R. and Sinha, R., 2011. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes.Science,334(6052), pp.105-108.

Progressive Immigration System Business Employers

Question: Describe about the Progressive Immigration System for Business Employers. Answer: a) The purpose of progressive immigration system of Australia is heading towards reducing the skills deficiency. The Subclass 457 work visa is a temporary business visa according to which, employers are permitted to sponsor the workers from foreign nations. As per 457 visas, the employers from Australia and foreign countries can sponsor a skilled worker for a period from one day to four years. Moreover, the family members of the workers are also allowed to stay with them and work or study during that period.[1] The requirements of 457 work visa include; i) Employees should be sponsored by eligible employers, ii) Employees must have experience, skills and qualification as required for the position offered iii) Employees must show English language skill by getting score of 5 in IELTS exam. iv) Employees must be eligible for relevant licenses associated with the position. Therefore, Wang would be required to achieve overall cut-off points in all the exams and a minimum score in each component of the exam. The essential scores for each English test are mentioned below: i) Overall score of 5 in IELTS and cut-off score of 4.5 in each section is required, ii) Healthcare Professionals are required to pass Occupational English Test (OET). Also, to be eligible, "B pass" is essential in all sections of test, iii) Overall score of 36 is required in TOEFL iBT. In addition to overall score, listening and reading section requires cut-off score of 3 and speaking and writing section requires cut-off score of 12, iv) Average score of 36 is needed in Pearson Test of English (PTE). Also, cut-off score of 30 is necessary in each section v) Average score of 154 is required in Cambridge Advanced English (CAE). In addition, cut-off score of 147 in needed in each section. All the applicants must meet the essential requirement of English Language Testing for achieving work visa unless one of the following exceptions applies on them (acacia-au, 2015); i) They are passport holder of countries such as the UK, Canada, USA, Ireland or New Zealand; ii) They have completed the education of 5 years up to secondary or tertiary level through English medium iii) They are to be paid an amount of $96,400 over the English Language Skills Exemption Threshold (ELSET).[2] b) If Tran is eligible to apply for a worker to come to Australia and follow all the essential requirements of an employer under 457 visas, he can sponsor Wang. However, his demand of money in exchange is illegal and if Tran agrees to pay the amount, it would be considered as illegal on his part too. Under new civil and criminal penalties and visa cancellation provisions formed in 2015, as a part of 'paying for visa sponsorship', various sanctions are imposed on a person who demands, offers, or provides an advantage in exchange of visa sponsorship or employment as, this type of conduct is considered as unacceptable by the government of Australia.[3] On the other hand, as mentioned in the case, there is an English language problem with Wang; he must have to qualify all the language tests as desired by the 457 visa or he might fulfill all the criteria desired for exemption from the tests. If else, they would be found guilty, civil penalty provisions will be applied on both of them being employer and employee for breaching the Migration Act of Australia.[4] In sponsorship related civil penalty provisions, a penalty is to be paid by the alleged person as a substitute.[5] For work related civil penalty also, a penalty is to be paid as a substitute.[6] c) Skilled Migration visas provide an opportunity to the workers who are skilled to stay and get employment in Australia. According to the General Skilled Migration Program of Australia, migrants or workers who possess certain skills can apply for the permanent visa of Australia on the basis of their qualification, work experience, and language ability. A skilled worker program known as SkillSelect was introduced by the Australian immigration in 2012. The interested person is needed to present an Expression of Interest (EOI) before applying for visa. The SkillSelect is an electronic two-stage procedure according to which, potential visa applicants have to raise demand for skilled immigration through an online EOI. On the basis of EOI, applicants are then invited to submit their application for Australian visa. The selection of the applicants is considered on the basis of score candidate obtain in their points test which involves various selection standards. All the applicants must fulfill the English language requirements essential for the visa. They are required to obtain their essential skills assessment before submission of EOI. Thus, if Ada wants to apply for migration to Australia under the skilled visa, she is required to submit an EOI before applying for visa. On the basis of her EOI, she might be invited for submitting her application. Meanwhile, she has to qualify the point test score and English language requirement which is also essential for Australian visa.[7] For the purpose of immigration to Australia, applicants are required to score cut-off points in the Points Test Score. Points are given in test on the basis of English language proficiency, age, educational background, and many more parameters.[8] She must apply under Skilled Independent visa (Subclass 189). Skilled Independent visa (Subclass 189) are applicable to the workers, who have cleared their points test score and are skilled and are not being backed by any organization or family or selected by a state or provincial government. When they are considered as eligible to apply, they are required to choose an occupation mentioned on the related skilled occupation list.[9] They must have achieved skills desired for the nominated occupation. They must be below the age of 50 years and have at least competent English language knowledge. They are required to attain the score mentioned in the invitation letter on the basis of elements in the points test.[10] d) Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) codes is a search facility that gives latest information on General Skilled Migration visas for subclass 189, 190 and 489. It is a skills based classification system which can be utilized by the users to sort all professions in Australia as well as New Zealand. They can also compare the occupation statistics which is being produced by both the countries. This web based search function provides a keyword and a list of possible occupation titles which when clicked shows the definition of occupation.[11] The ANZSCO code for Ada's occupation of pediatric nurse should be 254411 as Nurse Practitioner. The responsibility of assessing the skills needed for migration lies with Assessing authorities. The assessing authority in case of Ada should be Medical Board of Australia (MBA) and Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council(ANMAC).[12] e) The age of Ada is 33 years and she has obtained her Bachelors degree in Nursing from Birmingham University (UK). Her work experience at Queen Mary Hospital (QMH) in Hong Kong is over 5 years. She obtained a score of 6 in IELTS test in all 4 test components. Her sister is an Australian citizen who is ready to sponsor her and her family for migration if required. Ada is applying for Skilled Independent (subclass 189) visa. Thus, she needs to obtain 60 points pass marks. i) According to the age criteria, she is 33 years; she is eligible for 25 pass points. ii) In English language ability test criteria, she obtained a score of 6 in IELTS test in all 4 test components; she has not scored any points as there are 0 points for a score of 6 in test. iii) Her work experience at Queen Mary Hospital (QMH) in Hong Kong is over 5 years. Hence, she is eligible for 10 points under abroad employment in nominated skilled occupation. iv) Her score for educational qualifications should be 15 pass points as she has obtained her bachelors degree in Nursing from recognized University. v) Her sister is an Australian citizen and she is ready to sponsor her and her family for migration if required, she can receive 10 points under the criteria of points for sponsorship by an eligible family member but to avail this facility, she must have to apply for visa under subclass 489. Therefore, her total point score will be 25+ 10 + 15 = 50. The minimum pass points for Visa subclass 189 is 60 points and she has scored 50 points. She has not passed the point score test essential for obtaining the visa of Australia.[13] Her score affects the visa she applied for and she should opt for the sponsorship visa subclass as her sister is eligible to sponsor her. She would achieve 10 points if her sister sponsors her and she would then be eligible for the visa under subclass 489. Therefore, it is recommended that if she is applying for visa of Australia, she should apply under subclass 489 instead of subclass 189; otherwise she would fail the points score test. f) The cost to be paid for the visas changes from time to time and it is based on the date on which the application of visa is received by the authorities.[14] If the price increases between the period of lodging application and receiving of application, the applicant is required to pay the increased charges for the application. Under current visa pricing table, for Skilled Independent (subclass 189) and even if she changes her option and apply for subclass 489, she is required to pay $3600 as base application charges as she comes under the category 12a or 12d respectively according to the subclass in which she is applying. Her husband is also applying for the visa, so additional applicant charges for her husband would be $1800. The age of her son is 10 years; she has to pay additional applicant charges of $900. Therefore, she has to pay $6300 as application charges for Visa of Australia. Moreover, under the category of 12a, if the applicants are assessed as not possessing functional En glish, she would be required to pay the additional second installment of $4885. Therefore, the visa application charge to be paid by Ada would be $6300 along with the second installment of $4885 due to lack of functional English criteria. References Acacia,Online Points Test for Skilled Migration(2016) Acacia-au.com https://www.acacia-au.com/skilled-migration-points-test.php Anzscosearch,Search by Assessing Authority(2014) Anzscosearch https://www.anzscosearch.com/search-by-assessing-authority-post/ AustLII,Migration Regulations 1994(2016) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_reg/mr1994227/ AustLII,Migration Regulations 1994 - REG 5.20Acivil Penalty Provisions(2016) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_reg/mr1994227/s5.20a.html AustLII,MIGRATION ACT 1958 - SECT 5Interpretation(2016) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ma1958118/s5.html Australian Bureau of Statistics,1220.0 - ANZSCO - Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations, 2013, Version 1.2(2016) Abs.gov.au https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/1220.0Search02013,%20Version%201.2 Australian Government,Work Visa Scams(2015) Border.gov.au https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Work/Work-1# Australian Government,Skilled Independent Visa (Subclass 189)(2016) Border.gov.au https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/189- Australian Government,Fees and Charges for Visas(2016) Border.gov.au https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa/Fees# Australian Visa Bureau,Australia Skilled Immigration Points Test - Australian Visa Bureau(2016) Visabureau.com https://www.visabureau.com/australia/immigration-points-test.aspx Australian Visa Bureau,Australia Skilled Visa Requirements(2016) Visabureau.com https://www.visabureau.com/australia/visa-requirement.aspx Webster, Mark,Average Band Scores Accepted for 485 and 457 Visa English Tests | Acacia | Immigration Australia(2015) Acacia-au.com https://www.acacia-au.com/average-band-scores-accepted-for-485-and-457-English-Tests.php Work Permit,457 Work Visa | Australian Skilled Immigration(2016) https://www.workpermit.com/australia/457-work-visa.htm Work Permit,Australia Visa | General Skilled Migration (GSM) Program | Australian Immigration Visas(2012) Workpermit.com https://www.workpermit.com/australia/general-skilled-migration.htm